Database Management Systems Essay

While the database management system terminology has become widespread in India, there is a vast space for the adoption of the systems. The market potential still has a significant amount of spread to increase market share. A computer database is a repository of structured data or information and a database management system is a collection of programs that allows storage and retrieval of this data efficiently. Database management systems have undergone significant changes over the last thirty years. Starting with IBM’s IMS, a hierarchical database management system, in the early 1970s to the recent grid computing relational database management system – Oracle, the database technology has undergone a substantial technological change. During the last decade, relational management system or a derivative of it has become a de facto standard of the industry. ANSI SQL has become the standard query language to interact with any DBMS, though each vendor has its own extension to the standard SQL. (The Indian Express Limited) According to Gartner, in 2008, the Indian DBMS market was worth around $194 million and is expected to grow by 20% in 2010 over 2009. It expects the Indian DBMS market size to reach $233 million in 2010. According to a Forrester Research report, the open-source database market stands at $850 million and is expected to grow by more than 40%, to $1. billion, by 2011. Though small in comparison with the $16 billion commercial database market, it is still a significant feat considering most open-source databases bear no licensing costs. (Gartner) The size, growth, and sheer desire to gain a competitive edge lured global DBMS vendors to India. They have opened offices, signed local partners, and translated their software – and they are finding success. Driven by the inherent need for businesses of all kinds to manage their information, Indian database management system (DBMS) software vendors support customers in a large variety of markets. â€Å"From an Indian market perspective, there is still a long way for all vendors to go. The market potential still has a considerable amount of spread to increase market-share,† says Anil Menon, Country Manager, Software Group Channels, IBM India/South Asia.

At what age should teenagers be allowed to drive? Essay

The leadership I received from my Cadet Corps Commanding Officer’s was outstanding and influenced me tremendously over my career. They inspired me and provided a sound base upon which I was able to develop my own leadership abilities and the confidence to believe in them. Hopefully, their being a role model for me has led me to be a role model for others. Lastly, cadets and the summer camps led me to believe that I wanted to join the Canadian Forces because I enjoyed the military way of life! The cadet programme had a huge impact on my development. It instilled discipline, a sense that teamwork was important to succeed, the need to strive for excellence, public speaking experience, and an understanding that fitness was important and should be a way of life not just a passing trend. Lessons from cadets have aided me throughout my life. Having worked as part of a team in cadets, I found the adjustment to working as part of a team within the Canadian military was easy whereas others found the adjustment difficult. Public speaking is another area in which cadets aided my development. Being able to speak to a group effectively is extremely important as one moves through life and assumes various responsibilities. Cadets gave me the confidence and the basic principles of public speaking. Probably the most important lesson learned, however, was the need to look after one’s subordinates as a first priority. Do this, and your chances of succeeding in your endeavours will be greatly enhanced. I am in Cornell’s College of Engineering and considering a major in Electrical Engineering. I enjoy every aspect of electrical engineering. Even when I was young, I used to take things apart to see how they worked. Now that I’ve actually started learning how these things work and getting hands on experience with electronics, I think that electrical engineering is the perfect choice for me. My interests are varied. I am extremely interested in electronics, but that interest does not stop at just electronics; it extends to computers. I have always been very strong in the area of computers. From software to hardware I have a natural inclination to understanding and operating computers. But I have always been more interested in the hardware side of computers, so I am more interested in digital electronics. As far as my career goals, there are two areas in which I would love to work. First, I would love to work for NASA on their space probes. I feel that I would find that type of research and problem solving oriented work interesting. You have to come up with creative solutions to very hard problems presented by the environment of space. On the other hand, I would like to work as a project manager in a high-tech company where I would have to lead my team through challenging projects. This high-tech company work is very similar to the work at NASA.

The Relationship Between Life Expectancy at Birth and Gdp Per Capita

The relationship between Life Expectancy at birth and GDP per capita (PPP) Candidate: Teacher: Candidate number: Date of submission: Word Count: 2907 Section 1: Introduction In a given country, Life Expectancy at birth is the expected number of years of life from birth. Gross domestic product per capita is defined as the market value of all final goods and services produced within a country in one year, divided by the size of the population of that country. The main objective of the present project is to establish the existence of a statistical relation between Life Expectancy (y) at birth and GDP per capita (x).First, we will present in Section 2 the data, from an official governmental source, containing Life Expectancy at birth and GDP per capita of 48 countries in the year 2003. We will put this data in a table ordered alphabetically and at the end of the section we will perform some basic statistical analysis of these data. These statistics will include the mean, median, modal cl ass and standard deviation, for both Life Expectancy and GDP per capita. In Section 3 we will find the regression line which best fits our data and the corresponding correlation coefficient r.It is natural to ask if there is a non-linear model, which better describes the statistical relation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. This question will be studied in Section 4, where we will see if a logarithmic relation of type y=A ln(x+C) + B, is a better model. In Section 5 we will perform a chi square test to get evidence of the existence of a statistical relation between the variables x and y. In the last section of the project, other than summarizing the obtained results, we will present several possible directions to further investigation. Section 2: Data collectionThe following table shows the GDP per capita (PPP) (in US Dollars), denoted xi, and the mean Life Expectancy at birth (in years), denote yi, in 48 countries in the year 2003. The data has been collected through an online website (2). According to this website it represents official world records. Country| GDP – per capita (xi)| Life Expectancy at birth (yi)| 1. Argentina| 11200| 75. 48| 2. Australia| 29000| 80. 13| 3. Austria| 30000| 78,17| 4. Bahamas, The| 16700| 65,71| 5. Bangladesh| 1900| 61,33| 6. Belgium| 29100| 78,29| 7. Brazil| 7600| 71,13| 8. Bulgaria| 7600| 71,08| 9. Burundi| 600| 43,02| 10. Canada| 29800| 79,83| 1. Central African Republic| 1100| 41,71| 12. Chile| 9900| 76,35| 13. China| 5000| 72,22| 14. Colombia| 6300| 71,14| 15. Congo, Republic of the| 700| 50,02| 16. Costa Rica| 9100| 76,43| 17. Croatia| 10600| 74,37| 18. Cuba| 2900| 76,08| 19. Czech Republic| 15700| 75,18| 20. Denmark| 31100| 77,01| 21. Dominican Republic| 6000| 67,96| 22. Ecuador| 3300| 71,89| 23. Egypt| 4000| 70,41| 24. El Salvador| 4800| 70,62| 25. Estonia| 12300| 70,31| 26. Finland| 27400| 77,92| 27. France| 27600| 79,28| 28. Georgia| 2500| 64,76| 29. Germany| 27600| 78,42| 30. Ghana| 2200| 56,53| 31. Greece| 20000| 78,89| 32. Guatemala| 4100| 65,23| 33.Guinea| 2100| 49,54| 34. Haiti| 1600| 51,61| 35. Hong Kong| 28800| 79,93| 36. Hungary| 13900| 72,17| 37. India| 2900| 63,62| 38. Indonesia| 3200| 68,94| 39. Iraq| 1500| 67,81| 40. Israel| 19800| 79,02| 41. Italy| 26700| 79,04| 42. Jamaica| 3900| 75,85| 43. Japan| 28200| 80,93| 44. Jordan| 4300| 77,88| 45. South Africa| 10700| 46,56| 46. Turkey| 6700| 71,08| 47. United Kingdom| 27700| 78,16| 48. United States| 37800| 77,14| Table1: GDP per capita and Life Expectancy at birth in 48 countries in 2003 (source: reference [2]) Statistical analysis: First we compute some basic statistics of the data collected in the above table.Basic statistics for the GDP per capita: Mean: x=i=148xi48 = 12900 In order to compute the median, we need to order the GDP values: 600, 700, 1100, 1500, 1600, 1900, 2100, 2200, 2500, 2900, 2900, 3200, 3300, 3900, 4000, 4100, 4300, 4800, 5000, 6000, 6300, 6700, 7600, 7600, 9100, 9900, 10600, 10700, 11200, 12300, 13900, 15700, 16700, 19800, 20000, 26700, 27400, 27600, 27600, 27700, 28200, 28800, 29000, 29100, 29800, 30000, 31100, 37800. The median is obtained as the middle value of the two central values (the 25th and the 26th): Median= 7600+91002 = 8350 In order to compute the modal class, we need to split the data in classes.If we consider classes of USD 1000 (0-999, 1000-1999, †¦) we have the following table of frequencies: Class| Frequency| 0-999| 2| 1000-1999| 4| 2000-2999| 5| 3000-3999| 3| 4000-4999| 4| 5000-5999| 1| 6000-6999| 3| 7000-7999| 2| 8000-8999| 0| 9000-10000| 2| 10000-10999| 2| 11000-11999| 1| 12000-12999| 1| 13000-13999| 1| 14000-14999| 0| 15000-15999| 1| 16000-16999| 1| 17000-17999| 0| 18000-18999| 0| 19000-19999| 1| 20000-20999| 1| 21000-21999| 0| 22000-22999| 0| 23000-23999| 0| 24000-24999| 0| 25000-25999| 0| 26000-26999| 1| 27000-27999| 4| 28000-28999| 2| 29000-29999| 3| 30000-30999| 1| 31000-31999| 1| 32000-32999| 0| 3000-33999| 0| 34000-34999| 0| 35000-35999| 0| 36000-36999| 0| 37000-38000| 1| Table 2: Frequencies of GDP per capita with classes of USD 1000 With this choice of classes, the modal class is 2000-2999 (with a frequency of 5). If instead we consider classes of USD 5000 (0-4999, 5000-9999, †¦) the modal class is the first: 0-4999 (with a frequency of 18). Class| Frequency| 0-4999| 18| 5000-9999| 8| 10000-14999| 5| 15000-19999| 3| 20000-24999| 1| 25000-29999| 10| 30000-34999| 2| 35000-40000| 1| Table 3: Frequencies of GDP per capita with classes of USD 5000 Standard deviation: Sx=i=148(xi-x)248 =11100Basic statistics for the Life Expectancy: Mean: y=i=148yi48 = 70,13 As before, in order to compute the median, we need to order the Life Expectancies: 41. 71, 43. 02, 46. 56, 49. 54, 50. 02, 51. 61, 56. 53, 61. 33, 63. 62, 64. 76, 65. 23, 65. 71, 67. 81, 67. 96, 68. 94, 70. 31, 70. 41, 70. 62, 71. 08, 71. 08, 71. 13, 71. 14, 71. 89, 72. 17, 72. 22, 74. 37, 75. 18, 75. 48, 75. 85, 76. 08, 76. 35, 76. 43, 77. 01, 77. 14, 77. 88, 77. 92, 78. 16, 78. 17, 78. 29, 78. 42, 78. 89, 79. 02, 79. 04, 79. 28, 79. 83, 79. 93, 80. 13, 80. 93. The median is obtained as the middle value of the two central values:Median= 72,17+72,222 = 72. 195 To find the modal class of Life Expectancy we consider modal classes of one year. The table of frequencies is the following Class| Frequency | 41| 1| 42| 0| 43| 1| 44| 0| 45| 0| 46| 1| 47| 0| 48| 0| 49| 1| 50| 1| 51| 1| 52| 0| 53| 0| 54| 0| 55| 0| 56| 1| 57| 0| 58| 0| 59| 0| 60| 0| 61| 1| 62| 0| 63| 1| 64| 1| 65| 2| 66| 0| 67| 2| 68| 1| 69| 0| 70| 3| 71| 5| 72| 2| 73| 0| 74| 1| 75| 3| 76| 3| 77| 4| 78| 5| 79| 5| 80| 2| Table 4: Frequencies of Life Expectancy at birth with classes of 1 year It appears from the table above that there are three modal classes: 71, 78 and 79 (with a frequency of 5).Standard deviation: Sy=i=148(yi-y)248 =10. 31 The standard deviations Sx and Sy have been found using the following table of data: Country| GDP| Life exp. | (x – x? ) | (x – x? )2| (y – ? y)| (y – y? )2| (x – x ? )(y – y ? )| Argentina| 11200| 75. 48| -1665| 2770838| 5. 35| 28. 64| -8907. 60| Australia| 29000| 80. 13| 16135| 260351671| 10. 00| 100. 03| 161374. 34| Austria| 30000| 78. 17| 17135| 293622504| 8. 04| 64. 66| 137790. 17| Bahamas. The| 16700| 65. 71| 3835| 14710421| -4. 42| 19. 53| -16947. 75| Bangladesh| 1900| 61. 33| -10965| 120222088| -8. 80| 77. 42| 96474. 63| Belgium| 29100| 78. 29| 16235| 263588754| 8. 16| 66. 1| 132501. 29| Brazil| 7600| 71. 13| -5265| 27715838| 1. 00| 1. 00| -5271. 16| Bulgaria| 7600| 71. 08| -5265| 27715838| 0. 95| 0. 90| -5007. 93| Burundi| 600| 43. 02| -12265| 150420004| -27. 11| 734. 88| 332477. 52| Canada| 29800| 79. 83| 16935| 286808338| 9. 70| 94. 11| 164294. 71| Central African Republic| 1100| 41. 71| -11765| 138405421| -28. 42| 807. 63| 334334. 75| Chile| 9900| 76. 35| -2965| 8788754| 6. 22| 38. 70| -18443. 41| China| 5000| 72. 22| -7865| 61851671| 2. 09| 4. 37| -16446. 81| Colombia| 6300| 71. 14| -6565| 43093754| 1. 01| 1. 02| -6638. 43| Congo. Republic of the| 700| 50. 02| -12165| 147977088| -20. 1| 404. 36| 244614. 57| Costa Rica| 9100| 76. 43| -3765| 14172088| 6. 30| 39. 71| -23721. 58| Croatia| 10600| 74. 37| -2265| 5128338| 4. 24| 17. 99| -9604. 66| Cuba| 2900| 76. 08| -9965| 99292921| 5. 95| 35. 42| -59301. 73| Czech Republic| 15700| 75. 18| 2835| 8039588| 5. 05| 25. 52| 14322. 40| Denmark| 31100| 77. 01| 18235| 332530421| 6. 88| 47. 35| 125482. 46| Dominican Republic| 6000| 67. 96| -6865| 47122504| -2. 17| 4. 70| 14887. 57| Ecuador| 3300| 71. 89| -9565| 91481254| 1. 76| 3. 10| -16845. 62| Egypt| 4000| 70. 41| -8865| 78580838| 0. 28| 0. 08| -2493. 16| El Salvador| 4800| 70. 62| -8065| 65037504| 0. 9| 0. 24| -3961. 73| Estonia| 12300| 70. 31| -565| 318754| 0. 18| 0. 03| -102. 33| Finland| 27400| 77. 92| 14535| 211278338| 7. 79| 60. 70| 113249. 07| France| 27600| 79. 28| 14735| 217132504| 9. 15| 83. 75| 134847. 48| Georgia| 2500| 64. 76| -10365| 107424588| -5. 3 7| 28. 82| 55644. 86| Germany| 27600| 78. 42| 14735| 217132504| 8. 29| 68. 74| 122175. 02| Ghana| 2200| 56. 53| -10665| 113733338| -13. 60| 184. 93| 145025. 00| Greece| 20000| 78. 89| 7135| 50914171| 8. 76| 76. 76| 62515. 17| Guatemala| 4100| 65. 23| -8765| 76817921| -4. 90| 24. 00| 42935. 50| Guinea| 2100| 49. 54| -10765| 115876254| -20. 59| 423. 0| 221629. 32| Haiti| 1600| 51. 61| -11265| 126890838| -18. 52| 342. 94| 208606. 00| Hong Kong| 28800| 79. 93| 15935| 253937504| 9. 80| 96. 06| 156187. 00| Hungary| 13900| 72. 17| 1035| 1072088| 2. 04| 4. 17| 2113. 54| India| 2900| 63. 62| -9965| 99292921| -6. 51| 42. 36| 64856. 98| Indonesia| 3200| 68. 94| -9665| 93404171| -1. 19| 1. 41| 11488. 77| Iraq| 1500| 67. 81| -11365| 129153754| -2. 32| 5. 38| 26351. 63| Israel| 19800| 79. 02| 6935| 48100004| 8. 89| 79. 05| 61664. 52| Italy| 26700| 79. 04| 13835| 191418754| 8. 91| 79. 41| 123290. 86| Jamaica| 3900| 75. 85| -8965| 80363754| 5. 72| 32. 73| -51288. 2| Japan| 28200| 80. 93| 15335| 235 175004| 10. 80| 116. 67| 165641. 67| Jordan| 4300| 77. 88| -8565| 73352088| 7. 75| 60. 08| -66386. 23| South Africa| 10700| 46. 56| -2165| 4685421| -23. 57| 555. 49| 51016. 52| Turkey| 6700| 71. 08| -6165| 38002088| 0. 95| 0. 90| -5864. 06| United Kingdom| 27700| 78. 16| 14835| 220089588| 8. 03| 64. 50| 119146. 94| United States| 37800| 77. 14| 24935| 621775004| 7. 01| 49. 16| 174828. 44| Table 5: Statistical analysis of the data collected in Table 1 From the last column we can compute the covariance parameter of the GDP and Life Expectancy: Sxy =148 i=148(xi-x)(yi-y)= 73011. 6 Section 3: Linear regression We start our investigation by studying the line best fit of the data in Table 1. This will allow us to see whether there is a relation of linear dependence between GDP and Life Expectancy. The regression line for the variables x and y is given by the following formula: y-y  ? =SxySx2(x-x ) By using the values found above we get: y= 62. 51 + 0. 5926*10-3 x The Pearson's correlati on coefficient is: r = 0. 6380 The following graph shows the data on Table 1 together with the line of best fit computed Figure 1: Linear regression. The value of the correlation coefficient r ~ 0. , is evidence of a moderate positive linear correlation between the variables x and y. On the other hand it is apparent from the graph above that the relation between the variables is not exactly linear. In the next section we will try to speculate on the reason for this non-linear relation and on what type of statistical relation can exist between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. Section 4: Logarithmic regression As explained in reference [3], â€Å"the main reason for this non-linear relationship [between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy] is because people consume both needs and wants.People consume needs in order to survive. Once a person’s needs are satisfied, they could then spend the rest of their money on non-necessities. If everyone’s needs are satisfied, then any increase in GDP per capita would barely affect Life Expectancy. â€Å" There are various other reasons that one can think of, to explain the non-linear relationship between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. For example the GDP per capita is the average wealth, while one should consider also how the global wealth is distributed among the population of a given country.With this in mind, to have a more complete picture of the statistical relation between economy of a country and Life Expectancy, one should take into considerations also other economic parameters, such as the Inequality Index, that describe the distribution of wealth among the population. Moreover, the wealth of the population is not the only factor effecting Life Expectancy: one should also take into account, for example, the governmental policies of a nation towards health and poverty. For example Cuba, a country with a very low GDP per capita ($ 2900), has a relatively high Life Expectancy (76. 8 years), mostly due to the fact that the government provides basic needs and health assistance to the population. Some of these aspects will be discussed in the next section. Let’s try to guess what could be a reasonable relation between the variables x (GDP per capita) and y (Life Expectancy). According to the above observations we can consider the total GDP formed by two values: x= xn + xw, where xn denotes the part of wealth spent on necessities, and xw denotes the part spent on wants.It is reasonable to make the following assumptions: 1. The Life Expectancy depends linearly on the part of wealth spent on necessities: y=axn + b, (1) 2. The fraction xn/x of wealth spent on necessities, is close to 1 when x is close to 0 (if one has a little amount of money he/she will spend most of it on necessities), and is close to 0 when x is very large (if one has a very large money he/she will spend only a little fraction of on necessities). 3.We make the following choice for the function xn= f(x) sa tisfying the above requirements: xn= log (cx + 1)/c, (2) where c is some positive parameter. This function is chosen mainly for two reasons. On one hand it satisfies the requirements that are describe in 2, indeed the corresponding graph of xn/x = f(x) = log (cx + 1)/cx: Figure 2: Graph of the function y= log (cx + 1)/cx, for C=0. 5 (blue), 1 (black) and 10 (red). The blue, black and red lines correspond respectively to the choice of parameter c= 0. 5, 1 and 10.As it appears from the graph in all cases we have f(0)= 1 and f(x) is small for large values of x. On the other hand the function chosen allows us to use the statistical tools at our disposal in the excel software to derive some interesting conclusion about the statistical relation between x and y. This is what we are going to do next. First we want to find the relation between x and y under the above assumptions. Putting together equations (1) and (2) we get: y= aclncx+1+b, (3) which shows that there is a logarithmic depende nce between x and y.Equation (3) can be rewritten in the following equivalent form: if we denote A=a/c, B= b+(a/c)ln(c), C=1/c, y=Aln(x+C)+B . (4) We can now study the curve of type (4) which best fits the data in Table 1, using the statistical tools of excel spreadsheet. Unfortunately excel allows us to plot only a curve of type y= Aln(x) + B (i. e. equation of type four where C is equal to 0). For this choice of C, we get the following logarithmic curve of best fit together with the corresponding value of correlation coefficient r2. Figure 3: Logarithmic regression.To find the analogous curve of best fit for a given value of C (positive, arbitrarily chosen) we can simply add C to all the x values and redo the same plot as for C= 0 with the new independent variable x1= x + C. We omit showing the graphs containing the curve of best fit for all the possible values of C and we simply report, in the following table, the correlation coefficient r for some appropriately chosen values of C. C| r| 0. 00| 0. 77029| 0. 01| 0. 77029| 0. 1| 0. 77028| 1| 0. 77025| 10| 0. 76991| 100| 0. 76666| Table 8: correlation coefficient r2 for the curve of best fit y= Aln(x+C) +B, for some values of C. The above data indicate that the optimal choice of C is between 0. 00 and 0. 01, since in this case r is the closest to 1. Comparing the results got with the linear regression (r ~ 0,6) and the logarithmic regression (r ~ 0,8) we can conclude that the latter appears to be a better model to describe the relation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy, since the value of the correlation coefficient is significantly bigger. From Figure 3 one the data is very far from the curve of best fit and so we may decide to discuss it separately and do the regression without it.This data is corresponds to South Africa with a GDP per capita of 10700 and a Life Expectancy at birth of 46. 56 (much lower than any other country with a comparable GDP). It is reasonable to think that this anomaly is due to the peculiar history of South Africa which, after the end of apartheid, had to face an uncontrolled violence. It is therefore difficult to fit this country in a statistical model and we can decide to remove it from our data. Doing so, we get the following new plot. Figure 4: Logarithmic regression for the data in Table 1 excluding South Africa. The new value of correlation coefficient r~ 0. 3 indicates that, excluding the anomalous data of South Africa, there is a strong positive logarithmic correlation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy at birth. Section 5: Chi square test (? 2? test) We conclude our investigation by making a chi square test. This will allow us to confirm the existence of a relation between the variables x and y. For this purpose we formulate the following null and alternative hypotheses. H0: GDP and Life Expectancy are not correlated. H1: GDP and Life Expectancy are correlated * Observed frequency: The observed frequencies are obtained directly from Ta ble 2: | Below y? | Above y? | Total|Below x| 14| 1| 15| Above x| 16| 17| 33| Total| 30| 18| 48| Table 6: Observed frequencies for the chi square test * Expected frequency: The expected frequencies are obtained by the formula: fe = (column total (row total) / total sum | Below y? | Above y? | Total| Below x| 9. 375| 5. 625| 15| Above x| 20. 625| 12. 375| 33| Total| 30| 18| 48| Table 7: Expected frequencies for the chi square test. We can now calculate the chi square variable: ?2? = ( f0-fe)2/fe = 8. 85 In order to decide whether we accept or not the alternative hypothesis H1, we need to find the number of degrees of freedom (df) and to fix a level of confidence .The number of degrees of freedom is: df= (number of rows – 1) (number of columns –1) = 1 The corresponding critical values of chi square, depending on the choice of level of confidence , are given in the following table (see reference [4]) df| 00. 10| 00. 05| 0. 025| 00. 01| 0. 005| 1| 2. 706| 3. 841| 5. 024| 6 . 635| 7. 879| Table 7: Critical values of chi square with one degree of freedom. Since the value of chi square is greater than any of the above critical values, we conclude that even with a level of confidence = 0. 005 we can accept the alternative hypothesis H1: GDP and Life Expectancy are related.The above test shows that there is some relation between the two variables x (GDP per capita) and y (Life Expectancy at birth). Our goal is to further investigate this relation. Section 6: Conclusions Interpretation of results Our study of the statistical relation between GDP per capita and Life Expectancy brings us to the following conclusions. As the chi square test shows there is definitely some statistical relation between the two variables (with a confidence level = 0. 005). The study of linear regression shows that there is a moderate positive linear correlation between the two variables, with a correlation coefficient r~ 0. . This linear model can be greatly improved replacing the linear dependence with a different type of relation. In particular we considered a logarithmic relation between the variable x (GDP) and y (Life Expectancy). With this new relation we get a correlation coefficient r~ 0. 7. In fact, if we remove the data related to the anomalous country of South Africa (which should be discussed separately and does not fit well in our statistical analysis), we get an even higher correlation coefficient r~ 0. . This is evidence of a strong positive logarithmic dependence between x and y. Validity and Areas of improvement Of course one possible improvement of this project would be to consider a much more extended collection data on which to do the statistical analysis. For example one could consider a large list countries, data related to different years (other than 2003), and one could even think of studying data referring to local regions within a single country.All this can be found in literature but we decided to restrict to the data presented in this project because we considered it enough as an application of the mathematical and statistical tools used in the project. A second, probably more interesting, possible improvement of the project would be to consider other economic factors that can affect the Life Expectancy at birth of a country. Indeed the GDP per capita is just a measure of the average wealth of a country and it does not take in account the distribution of the wealth.There are however several economic indices that measure the dispersion of wealth in the population and could be considered, together with the GDP per capita, as a factor influencing Life Expectancy. For example, it would be interesting to study a linear regression model in which the dependent variable y is the Life Expectancy and with two (or more) independent variables xi, one of which should be the GDP per capita and another could be for example the Gini Inequality Index reference (measuring the dispersion of wealth in a country).This would have been very interesting but, perhaps, it would have been out of context in a project studying GDP per capita and Life Expectancy. Probably the most important direction of improvement of the present project is related to the somewhat arbitrary choice of the logarithmic model used to describe the relation between GDP and Life Expectancy. Our choice of the function y= Aln(x+C) +B, was mainly dictated by the statistic package at our disposal in the excel software used in this project.Nevertheless we could have considered different, and probably more appropriate, choices of functional relations between the variables x and y. For example we could have considered a mixed linear and hyperbolic regression model of type y= A + Bx + C/(x+D), as it is sometimes considered in literature (see reference [4]). Bibliography: 1. Gapminder World. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. ;lt;http://www. gapminder. org;gt;. 2. â€Å"GDP – per Capita (PPP) vs. Infant Mortality Rate. Index Mundi – Country Facts. W eb. 4Jan. 2012. <http://www. indexmundi. com/g/correlation. aspx? v1=67>. 3. â€Å"Life Expectancy at Birth versus GDP per Capita (PPP). † Statistical Consultants Ltd. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://www. statisticalconsultants. co. nz/ weeklyfeatures/WF6. html>. 4. â€Å"Table: Chi-Square Probabilities. † Faculty & Staff Webpages. Web. 4 Jan. 2012. <http://people. richland. edu/james/lecture/m170/tbl-chi. html>.

Masters Academic Writing Skills Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Masters Academic Writing Skills - Essay Example Ann Morrow Lindbergh in her work affirms, â€Å"Writing is thinking, it is more than living, for it is being conscious of living.† This is a clear indication that for good academic writing, great thinking was vital and it can be a source of living when employed rightfully (Coffin & Curry 2003). It is important to note here that good writing is passion and determination, and on the other hand it is a chastisement for others. It depends from your personality and your proficiency in a particular field of study and one’s field of interest. For quality academic writing, one have to understand that to achieve a conversance in this occupation a person should follow some rules and guidelines for good quality and well-reasoned research work. This paper therefore illustrates these skills vividly outlining their importance of the skill for good academic writing (Casanave 2002). Academic writing considers the outcome of a process involving investigation on some topic together with a diligent deliberation on the topic. This process aims at demonstrating and explaining deeply the purpose of the investigation of the topic in order to draw a viable conclusion. The investigation of a topic enables a reader to understand the standpoint of an argument that is considered credible for sound reasoning. The task of writer is to research the theme which is reinforced by some objective confirmations and logical evidences (Chin, Reid, Wray and Yamasaki, 2013). All facts which a writer uses are to be supported by past scientific researches or other authentic sources (Castle 2010). Firstly, the writer should master reading and researching skills. Any research starts with the literature outlook and scientific work diagnoses. As Chin, Reid, Wray and Yamasaki (2013) mention, a writer gains better understanding of the topic through exploration of then complicated and intricate literature. A good example of academic writing goes through proper comprehension in the

What was the most important invention of the 19th Century Essay

What was the most important invention of the 19th Century - Essay Example It then follows that the invention of electricity actually came into being the day the bulb was lit, or in other words the day mainstream use of electricity took effect .For this reason, invention of electricity can be argued to have been in the 19th century. This argument can be squarely credited to Nikola Telsa, a mechanical and electrical engineer and inventor. His works led to the development of modern day electrical systems that use alternating current1. Basically the reason why electricity invention becomes the greatest in the 19th century is because of the rapid activities that came into light during this era. Such activities include the agrarian revolution that saw people go to great lengths in such of better welfare and improved transport system. It is almost impossible to imagine this era without electricity, to imagine people trying to run engines in the industry without electricity, or it can be impossible to imagine how we could be staying at our homes using our kerosene lanterns and may be candles and that is very hard very hard to imagine2. During industrial revolution when people across Europe were trying to get industries going, electricity was the all the more important. Heavy machines meant electricity was in place and for this reason industrial revolution was a success. Since then, the world has never looked back and electrically supported gadgets have been invented. In essence, almost in everything we do, electricity is part of us. Even small gadgets we use today like phones use electricity and that explain the impact electricity has had all over the world. It also explains why it is the greatest invention of all time if not the greatest invention of the 19th century3.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   It is very important to note that the transport industry has been revolutionized by electricity. Electric trains have been introduced courtesy of electricity. This milestone has been achieved in many developed count ries and general infrastructure improved. Communication can be described as the backbone of development and without electricity, breakdown in communication could be evident. Industrial revolution is still evident, sophisticated equipment is being used vastly there and electricity is the source of power. It is therefore safe to say electricity is pivotal in almost every aspect of life without which almost nothing is going to happen. Both communication and transport have been improved and in the process making the world â€Å"smaller†. One could say life could have been a bit4. Agriculture and animal husbandry can also be argued to have been improved by electricity. For one, mechanization meant invention of such electric tools as grinders and reapers. Other machines in the field of agriculture were invented and definitely ones which used electricity. On the other hand, animal husbandry was also improved. For example, milking machines were introduced in ranches where large scale production of milk was the main economic activity. Building technology has also been revolutionized by electricity to a larger extend. This is evident in urban facilities like elevators that have shaped the existence of skyscrapers and other monumental structures in the urban areas. Just like during the industrial revolution, steel industry continues to be a major consumer of electricity in the sense that, during assembling of automobiles high voltage current is required to melt and twist the metals. In that connection, electricity seems to be the only

Nursing theory Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing theory - Research Paper Example These systems often apply different and distinctive aspects and concepts. For instance, the personal system is pegged on self, perceptions, growth and development space, time, body and image. On the other hand, the interpersonal systems apply interaction, transaction, role, communication, and stress concepts while social system involves organization, power, status, authority, status, and decision-making concepts. Notably, these concepts are applied in the nursing profession; however, with their advantages to success in the nursing practice, the theory and its concepts has some of its challenges in application (George, 2010). King just like other professionals pursued nursing career with the aim of improving the health conditions of the patients. Towards attaining his goals, she prompted means through which patients’ improvement goals can be attained. Moreover, through her theory she provide stepped through which her desired goals can be approved. In the Theory of Goal Attendance, Imogene King focuses on the processes that are likely to improve nurse patient relationship. Her main aim was to help nurses with techniques of meeting their health goals to patients. King was born on 30 January 1923, in West Point, Iowa. She attained her nursing diploma in 1945 from St. Johns Hospital School of Nursing in St. Louis, Missouri. She later earned Bachelor of Science in Nursing in 1948 from St. Louis University. Later in 1957, she completed her Masters of Science in Nursing from the St. Louis University. In 1961, she earned doctoral degree from Teachers College, Columbia University. Imogene King died on 24 December 2007 (George, 2010). In King’s career life, between 1966 and 1968, she was an assistant Chief of Research Grants Branch. During this period, she work for the Nursing Division in Washington, D.C. where she worked under Dr. Jessie Scott. From the year 1968 and 1972, she served as the director of the Ohio State University School of Nursing.

Tracking Progess in Healthy People 2020 Across the Country Essay

Tracking Progess in Healthy People 2020 Across the Country - Essay Example In this discussion, an evaluation of how Iowa has adopted these objectives and the challenges being faced in their workability will be considered. Although the objectives enshrined in the Healthy People 2020 are articulate and wider in scope, it is notable that they are not fully embraced by the states within the United States of America. Iowa is one of the states that has not fully adopted these objectives despite the fact that the essence of the objectives is an all round support of the health of the citizens. Although Iowa has incorporated a number of objectives in its health promotion strategies, the espousal has been tailored to suit the Iowa community’s health needs in as far as the individual differences in the population are concerned. As such, most of the objectives have not been fully adopted the way they are in this state. Going by the Iowa Health Improvement Plan 2012-2006, the objectives of Healthy People 2020 could not be practical enough given the high levels of disparity among the people in Iowa. One of the main challenges in meeting these targets is the scarcity of resources. (Sharma & Romas, 2011). A good number of Iowans are low income earners and this incapacitates the economy that is supposed to meet the financial demands implicated in these health objectives. (Shi & Stevens, 2010). For instance, one of the most anticipated health problems in Iowa is diabetes. However, coming up with measures that are supposed to address this problem in time is such a big challenge given the scarcity of resources. (Shi & Stevens, 2010). Given this, only a partial and tailored adoption of these objectives is possible. In conclusion, the health promotion ideas enshrined in Health People 2020 can prove to be quite effective if well adopted. However, as seen through Iowa State, there is a deviation in the manner in which these objectives are being worked on. A number of challenges are imminent, with the shortage of

DSS Development Means Evaluation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

DSS Development Means Evaluation - Essay Example These phases have to be cyclical so that they are able to return to the other phases. This can be identified as a type of model that is in the design of a waterfall. This design involves the plan project, rules followed in activating the project, different business developments, the detail design, implementation and the end project. The above stated phases can be alienated and characterized in a variety of groups so that they are easily understood. They follow in a certain order that involves viability study, scheme analysis, structure design, accomplishment, incorporation and trials, exploitation, and preservation. In the process of designing, evaluations involving the DSS systems are more often than not used. It is important to ensure that the ROMC design approach is input and build in the correct manner. In addition, it is essential to understand that the technology used for operational processing frequently differing from the technology required to support other

Side Effects of Marijuana Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Side Effects of Marijuana - Assignment Example An overdose of the drug may lead to hallucination and the loss of self identity, overdose occurs when the drug is eaten because the user can take in a larger dose at once, The use of the drug is also addictive which is evident whereby the individual experiences an uncontrollable crave for the drug, marijuana addiction cycle is very powerful whereby the individuals find it impossible to stop the habit. The chemical compound of the drug also disrupts the proper function of the brain. The use of the drug causes chemical imbalances in the brain, as a result, the individual experiences difficulties in learning, difficulties in remembering, and the lack to quickly respond. The drug use also causes pain and individuals are required to take up more other drugs to stop the pain as a result the drug may lead to depression. When the drug is smoked it is absorbed into the bloodstream and enters the brain, the chemical compound delta 9 tetrahydrocannabinol interact with brain receptors... art rate and the breathing rate, as a result, the individual is more prone to heart attacks and other heart problem, this effect is caused by the chemicals in the drug which causes an increase in body processes, as a result, the drug taxes the body more and therefore speeding up the aging process.

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are Essay

Imagine you are the advisor to the Secretary General of OPEC. You are asked to assess the ability of OPEC to manage the price of - Essay Example These members supply around 40% of the world’s oil (USA Congressional Record, 2007). Law of Supply and Demand (Mankiw, 2008) OPEC’s economic goal is to control production in order to raise the price of oil and eventually increase the generation of its members’ substantial profit. In a free market, the supply and demand tend to push the price at the level in which quantity supplied and quantity demanded are equal (Baumol and Blinder, 2008). Based on this law, it can be pictured out that when the supply of a normal good is low but its demand is higher, it substantially results to price increase. Thus, OPEC is on the right track of controlling production in order to maximise the oil resources of its members. In fact, it has a significant power to control the entire market considering that 70% of world oil reserve belongs to the cartel. Furthermore, OPEC targets to supply only 40% of the world’s oil consumption. This means that it has created influence on the world’s oil supply provided that the demand is higher and even reaching to an upward spiral due to rising economies. Oil is the lifeblood of the modern economy (Navarro, 2008). This means that every economy, developing or even highly developed will tend to maximise resources and even operations, but this cannot be addressed efficiently without relying heavily on oil supply. For instance, oil has become the very reason for every business to operate. From production, down to transportation and inside every household, oil is gaining a wide range of importance, function and economic role. Thus, oil is considered as a normal good and becomes the basic commodity in the world. Oil therefore has created a specific level of demand depending on a certain economy’s requirements in order to sustain and enhance its development and growth. However, from 1972 to 2008, it is noted that OPEC has been ineffective at maintaining cooperation among its members due to issues concerning rest riction of production (Mankiw, 2008). Mankiw explained that members were tempted to cheat their productions just to gain more profit advantage. As a result to this, the increase of oil price was never been successful on restricting production, but because of the increase in demand of worldwide consumption. As shown in Table 1, the price of oil per barrel increases over time. However, this increase was pointed out as barely influenced by OPEC’s success in restricting its production, but due to increase in market demand for the said commodity (Mankiw, 2008). In the mid-1980s OPEC members were having misunderstanding regarding on the regulatory issues of production. As a result, the production increased beyond the controllable limit as specified by OPEC. As the production of oil in the world market increased, there was more supply available leading to the decrease in price. Such decrease in price was clearly due to availability of supply, but what seems to be obvious was the des ire of some OPEC members to gain productive output from their oil resource. In 2007 to 2008, the price of oil substantially was higher. However, it was due to the increase of demand in the world oil market as there was an increasing number of emerging economies such as China (Mankiw, 2008). Table 1. History of oil price as influenced by OPEC regulation of production (Mankiw, 2008) Year Price per barrel 1972 $3 1974 $11 1981 $35 1986 $13 Income and substitution effect The positive income effect states that when the price of normal good decreases it leads to

Relevance of integrated transport policies and accessibility Essay

Relevance of integrated transport policies and accessibility strategies in the development of tourism - Essay Example Consequently, there are article key factors for successful holiday and tourism public transport provision. There is need for rethinking transport policy by choosing a demand-oriented approach and realizing the importance of additional accompanying efforts in the areas of marketing, transparency and quality. Focusing on the demand side, with its individual attitudes and likings, leads to a new understanding of traffic preparation by adopting a bottom up, instead of a top down approach. Tourist places consist of a range of products and services, which the tourist guzzles, usually at the point of production. Along with these, transport is often ignored, despite the highly important input it makes to the overall tourism product both as a catalyst, providing access to and from the destination, and as a provider of tourist mobility around the desired area. The contribution of good internal convenience to destination quality and pleasure is progressively more being recognized. However, a lack of clarity regarding the division of responsibility between various destination stakeholders often affects the delivery of quality transport for tourism and leisure purposes. Moreover, there is a lack of detailed research on tourists as users of transport networks, with the result that attempts to furnish for this market may be at best poorly knowledgeable, at worst mistaken. At the same time, it is increasingly obvious that visitor destinations are under pressure to cope with larg e amounts of traffic and overcrowding, in urban areas as well as rural. (Smith, Robinson, 2006) Brighton is a town on the south coast of England and with its neighbor Hove forms the city of Brighton and Hove. The ancient settlement of Brighthelmston dates before the Domesday Book in 1086 but it emerged as a health resort during the 18th Century and in 1841, it became a desired place for day-trippers after the arrival of the railway. Brighton experienced rapid population growth reaching over 160,000 by 1961. Modern Brighton is stretching along the coast, with a population of around 480,000. 8 million tourists every year visit Brighton. The town also has a substantial business conference industry. Brighton has two universities and a medical school. The arrival of the railway in 1841 brought Brighton within the reach of tourists from London and population growth from around 7,000 in 1801 to over 120,000 by 1901. The Victorian era buildings of many major attractions including the Grand Hotel built in 1864, the West Pier in 1866and the Palace Pier in 1899. (Bullen, 2005) The land area of Brighton increased from 1,640acres(7km) in 1854 to 14,347acres(58km) in 1952, after boundary changes between 1873 and 1952. New housing estates were established in the acquired areas including Moulsecoomb, Bevendean, Coldean and Whitehawk. The major expansion of 1928 also incorporated the villages of Patcham, Ovingdean and Rottingdean, and much council housing was built in parts of Woodingdean after the Second World War. Recently, gentrification of much of Brighton has seen a return of the fashionable image which characterised the growth of the Regency period. Recent housing in the North Laine, has been designed in keeping with the area. In 1997 Brighton and Hove were joined to form the unitary authority of Brighton and Hove, which was granted city status by Queen Elizabeth II as part of the millennium celebrations

Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro Essay Example for Free

Social Cost-Benefit Analysis of Delhi Metro Essay Key words: Transport, Air Pollution, Cost- benefit analysis and Shadow prices. Abstract: The growing demand for public transport in mega cities has serious effects on urban ecosystems, especially due to the increased atmospheric pollution and changes in land use patterns. An ecologically sustainable urban transport system could be obtained by an appropriate mix of alternative modes of transport resulting in the use of environmentally friendly fuels and land use patterns. The introduction of CNG in certain vehicles and switching of some portion of the transport demand to the metro rail have resulted in a significant reduction of atmospheric pollution in Delhi. The Delhi Metro provides multiple benefits: reduction in air pollution, time saving to passengers, reduction in accidents, reduction in traffic congestion and fuel savings. There are incremental benefits and costs to a number of economic agents: government, private transporters, passengers, general public and unskilled labour. The social cost-benefit analysis of Delhi Metro done in this paper tries to measure all these benefits and costs from Phase I and Phase II projects covering a total distance of 108 kms in Delhi. Estimates of the social benefits and costs of the project are obtained using the recently estimated shadow prices of investment, foreign exchange and unskilled labour as well as the social time preference rate for the Indian economy for a study commissioned by the Planning Commission, Government of India and done at the Institute of Economic Growth. The financial internal rate of return on investments in the Metro is estimated as 17 percent while the economic rate of return is 24 percent. Accounting for benefits from the reduction of urban air pollution due to the Metro has increased the economic rate of return by 1.4 percent. This paper forms part of the work done for a project `Economic Evaluation of Investment Projects in India’ funded by the Planning Commission, Government of India. We express our thanks to the officials of Rail India Technical and Economic Services (RITES) for providing us access to the detailed technical reports prepared by them for the Delhi Metro project. We are grateful to the participants in the workshop at the Institute of Economic Growth, Delhi-110007 for their useful comments. About Metro Rail in Delhi Delhi, the capital city of India, is one of the fastest growing cities in the world with a population of 13 million as reported in the Census of India Report for the year 2000. Until recently, it was perhaps the only city of its size in the world depending almost entirely on roads as the sole mode of mass transport. The total length of the road network in Delhi has increased from a mere 652 km in 1981 to 1122 km in 2001 and it is expected to grow to 1340 km in the year 2021. This increase in road length is not at par with the phenomenal growth in the number of vehicles on these roads in Delhi. The cumulative figure of registered private and government buses, the main means of public transport, is 41,872 in 1990 and it is expected to increase to 81,603 by the year 2011. The number of personal motor vehicles has increased from 5.4 lakhs in 1981 to 30 lakhs in 1998 and is projected to go up to 35 lakhs by 2011. With gradual horizontal expansion of the city, the average trip length of buses has gone up to 13 km and the increased congestion on roads has made the corresponding journey time of about one hour. Delhi has now become the fourth most polluted city in the world, with automobiles contributing more than two thirds of the total atmospheric pollution. In this context, the decision of the Government of India to develop a mass transport system for Delhi providing alternative modes of transport to the passengers was most satisfied.

The History Of Childhood Obesity Children And Young People Essay

The History Of Childhood Obesity Children And Young People Essay This essay discusses about parenting and its effects on childhood obesity. Whether parents should be solely blamed for the outcome of an obese child. Modeling behaviour, dietary habits, parenting styles, parents beliefs and expectations were also discussed as the few factors which contributed to childhood obesity. This essay also discusses about the imbalance of energy input and output of children which also contributes to children ¿Ã‚ ½s obesity. Furthermore, ideas were given on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity through healthy lifestyle changes. Keywords: parenting, childhood obesity, dietary habits Parents Should be Punished for their Children ¿Ã‚ ½s Obesity Over the years, the definition of obesity has been continuously revised and altered. What we would define as obesity in this era could be very much different from how we would define obesity in the past. So it all comes down to one question, what is obesity? Many find this difficult to answer as there are numerous perspectives, some may base their definition on culture, whereas others may base it on science. However, there are a few definitions from various different aspects. According to Kretchmer (1988), obesity is defined as  ¿Ã‚ ½a complex biological situation and a prime example of a problem where there is a constant interaction of genetics and environment. ¿Ã‚ ½ Based on Kretchmer ¿Ã‚ ½s definition, he believes that it is pointless to argue on whether nature or nurture has a greater influence on the origination of obesity. On the other hand, from a nutritional and scientific point of view, a method known as the body mass index weight in kilograms divided by height in met ers squared, defines whether an individual falls within the normal or obese range (Kretchmer, 1988). Based on the results from the 2009 ¿Ã‚ ½2010 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), an approximate of 16.9% of adolescents and children in the United States between the ages of 2-19 are obese (National Center for Health Statistics, 2012). The main question is how exactly do these young individuals end up being overweight and obese? Should they be fully responsible for their own physical well-being, or are there other factors that contribute to this epidemic. This essay will discuss on how parents become the main source of reason behind the childhood obesity outbreak, mainly focusing on their lifestyles which thus affects their children, as well as their beliefs, expectations, modeling behaviour and parenting styles. However, childhood obesity can also be caused by various other factors, ranging from dietary to sedentary lifestyles, which will also be discussed in this essay Majority of the time, a child ¿Ã‚ ½s parents are his/her primary caregiver, therefore t hey spend hours with their mother and father. This thus allows parents to be the number one most influential people in a child ¿Ã‚ ½s life, their presence could result in either promoting or impeding the child ¿Ã‚ ½s healthy lifestyle.Furthermore, parents equip their children with their food environment, model eating habits and control their children ¿Ã‚ ½s food intake. According to Birch (1979), the child ¿Ã‚ ½s familiarity with food contributes to 25 to 50% of the changes in their dietary preferences. The familiarity with food was tested by Birch and Marlin (1982), whereby they introduced unusual fruits and cheeses to various children and found that there was a significant relationship between the amount of exposure and preference. This suggests that children would rather prefer foods that they are introduced to at home. McCarthy (1935) also discovered that children showed a distaste for foods that their parents have no liking for. This studies are also interrelated with the parents beliefs, as it contributes greatly in their children ¿Ã‚ ½s eating habits. For example, most parents have the belief that children disfavour skim milk, and that the temperature of the milk given would greatly affect consumption. However, studies done by Herbert-Jackson et al. (1977) proven otherwise, when children were given different milks with differing fat densi ty at varying temperatures, they noted no differences in the consumption of the milk. Foman (1974), suggests that because some parents find skim milk distasteful, they presume that their children find skim milk distasteful too. Likewise with salt and sugar that are added to baby foods, parents perceive that their taste preferences would be similar with their offsprings ¿Ã‚ ½. These studies thus shows that parents play a very important role in their children ¿Ã‚ ½s food environment. Although most children do not have a specific taste preference, due to their parents influence they consume much more salt, sugar and fats than what is nutritionally needed as they are affected by their parents ¿Ã‚ ½ taste preferences, this could thus result in an obese child. Furthermore, the modeling of parents may act as an intermediary on how children develop their eating habits and activity levels. Harper and Sanders (1975) compared the impacts of persuading and modeling on children ranging between the ages of one to four. They discovered that children reproduced the adult model ¿Ã‚ ½s eating behaviour in 80% of the situations. However, when persuaded to eat, children would only reciprocate 48% of the time. Though prompts to eat does affectthe intake of foods, an adult model is even more a influentialstimulant. Therefore, this study shows that an adult model had a great impact on children. In this study, unidentified adult models were introduced to the children, yet the response of modeling behaviour was still high. Parents would consequently provide a much more greater influence considering how the children are constantly exposed to their parents ¿Ã‚ ½ presence. In addition, a review article done by Sleddens et al. (2011) investigated on general parenting and its impact on their children ¿Ã‚ ½s physical activity level, eating habits and weight status. According to Sleddens et al. (2011), it was found that variousstudies showed a significant relationship with general parenting. Parents who raise their children in a authoritative manner resulted in their children having high levels of physical activities, more healthy eating habits, and have lower BMI scores in contrast with other children who were raised in a different parenting style. According to Maccoby and Martin (1983), an authoritative parenting style is defined as a family setting whereby emotional support and warmth is conveyed, along with a comprehensible and clear-cut communication between the parents and the children. For that reason, parenting style plays a very important role on how it influences the health of the children. Although there are many studies relating parenting with childhood obesity, it is however not the only factor that contributes to the obesity of children. According to Kutchman et al. (2009), they theorised that an imbalance in the child ¿Ã‚ ½s energy intake and energy output affects the weight of the child. Due to the sedentary lifestyles of young individuals in this era, they are more prone to be inactive despite consuming the same amount of foods as children did in the past. This is due to the increased usage of computer use (e.g. surfing the internet, social media websites  ¿Ã‚ ½ facebook, twitter), and increased television viewing time. There was a positive correlation found between obesity and global television viewing time (Robinson, 2001). A study done by Matheson et al. (2004), showed that children who watch television while eating resulted in the consumption of more calories in contrast with children who did not watch television while eating. According to Proctor et al. (2003), children who watched less than an hour and forty-five minutes of television per day had significantly lower levels of BMIs as compared to those children who watched television three hours or more. They also found that those children who watched large amounts of television during their early years had the most increase in body fat over an extended period of time (Proctor et al., 2003). This study thus demonstrates that the child ¿Ã‚ ½s level of physical activity is greatly affected by the level of computer usage and television viewing. Although there are two sides to how a child ¿Ã‚ ½s obesity is affected, it all still points towards the direction on how the parents handle their children. As children are still not old enough to make such sensible decisions, parents thus play the larger role in disciplining and modeling healthy behaviours for their children (Bries Gartin, 2006). In conclusion, I believe that parents are to blame for their children ¿Ã‚ ½s obesity, however to punish them would not be as appropriate, but to educate them on leading a more active and healthy lifestyle would be more beneficial for both the parents and the children. Further directions includes research that should be conducted on the investigation of intervention studies that focus on the prevention and treatment of childhood obesity through general parenting (Gerards, 2011). Another area to consider would be to focus on creating awareness on childhood obesity, and how this epidemic has been increasing over the years. Parents along with schools should work together in battling this ever growing problem. Ultimately, they should encourage healthy lifestyle changes for not only the children, but with the parents as well because  ¿Ã‚ ½weight-loss among children and their parents have greater long-term success rates than programs focusing solely on child weight reduction ¿Ã‚ ½ (La rimore et al., 2005).

Buying a Whore by Anne Sexton

Buying a Whore by Anne Sexton Feminism is a movement that opposes women inferiority and promotes equality among men and women. It moves away from logo centrism and phallocentrism or seeing the world and its people from patriarchal lens. Feminists shed light upon womens contributions throughout history which were never taken account as significant and reject sexism in writings. Therefore they bring women from the position of invisibility to visibility through their works and protests. Feminist literary criticism deconstruct works by men which usually promotes the idea( ideology) of patriarchy and male dominance over women. Feminist criticism disturb the complacent certainties of patriarchal culture and crate a less oppressive climate for women writers and readers (Selden 128). Men wrote literary texts for example for themselves and on behalf of women as well. Thus, men hold power by strengthening the ideologies within literary texts to dominate women and prove men worthier than womenfolk . For an example women as objects whereas men are subjects. Feminists then deconstruct these texts to show readers that these were mere men made ideologies, which were not biological but socially constructed; and the dichotomous comparison between these two genders were created by men as well. Feminism movement was not confined within literary texts only but also, economics, politics and religion. The critical project of Feminist critics is thus concerned with uncovering the contingencies of gender as a cultural, social and political construct and instrument of domination Furthermore, through feminists critics like Simone De Beauvoir, we came to realize One is not born a woman one becomes one. Therefore femininity and masculinity are never natural but socially constructed. First wave feminism paid importance to the right to vote for women as equal as men (women suffrage movement). These were mostly middle class women who started to enter public domain for jobs due to World War I. The Second Wave feminism focused on not merely political rights. Their quests were much broader, for example womens right to vote, advancement in carrier, social and economical equality and their right to determine their own lives separate from men. However when the Third Wave Feminism rose up, they critiqued the second wave feminists as being not feminist enough for they universalized womens feelings, backgrounds and experiences. Thus out of Third Wave Feminism different groups of feminism were born discussing and shedding light on the various obstacles and experiences felt by women around the globe. Post feminism on the other hand did not stop from looking into feminism but also other genders as well such as men, lesbians, gays, bisexuals and so forth. When we examine the poem Buying the Whore by Anne Sexton using Feminism (Feminist Literary Criticism), we realize that the poem is about a whore also known as prostitute from the patriarchal lenses. A whore( prostitute) is a person, usually a woman who sells sex service for men to earn a living which is usually meager Whore means prostitute. And a prostitute is a woman who offers to hire her body for indiscriminate sexual intercourse, or so says The Concise Oxford Dictionary (Pheterson 39). Though the poet is a woman , the persona who degrades the whore is a man. Thus, from a feminist point of view it is true that majority men do look down upon women as the weaker sex. Throughout the poem Buying the Whore, from feminist perspective we can clearly see that whore was being objectified and was not treated as a subject with human feelings. For example the whore was compared to a roast beef, boat, glass, grate and finally the bra in the entire poem. The whore thus becomes an object of pleasure for men to satisfy their lusts and nothing more than that. Description of the whore in this poem, no doubt is from the view of phallocentrism. Phallocentrism means The privileging of the masculine (the phallus) in understanding meaning or social relations (cla.purdue.edu). Sadly, none of the whores point of view were given in the entire poem. Her thoughts, her feelings and her situation were all left out. According to French Feminsit Luce Irigaray, language is so gender bias and phallo centric that whatever characteristics that men think about women then leads women into mimicry and thus the position of mastery was formed(Rivkin and Ryan 795) and women objectified. Hence it is true through this poem that women( whores ) are treated as objects and described as things with no feelings to convey. Therefore Second Wave feminists, said that it is important to pay great attention or detail when reading any text that is soiled by patriarchal notions. By doing so, one can undo the phallocentrism within texts. For example Luce Irigaray stated that the retroactive impact of the end of each word, utterance or sentence upon its beginning must be taken into consideration in order to undo the power of its teleological effect, including its deferred actions (Rivkin and Ryan 797). Nevertheless, in my opinion, there is a flaw in the Second Wave feminists concept of undoing language that was contaminated by sexism. First of all it is very hard to reverse or change language that is dominated by male perspectives because we are all entrenched with patriarchal ideology for our entire lives. This is because from the past till now, writings in the literary world are dominated by men .Deconstructing patriarchal supporting texts and creating new feminists texts suggested by French feminist can be problematic as well. Producing text in gynocentric manner can lead to disagreement from feminists around the world as universalizing their experiences and their voices and even essentialize femininity. Second Wave feminism fail to take account the diversity of womens experiences all over world and their context. For example race, class, ethnography and geography of women.Non-sexist language and gynocentric language are criticized for underestimating the significance of gender asymmetry in language and for oversimplifying the relationship between language and corporeality (Bondi 245). Feminist reading, of the poem, Buying the Whore by Anne Sexton through tells us that the whore is commodified with having sign value attached to her. For example,The whore was purchased , rented, and paid by the persona for sexual services. According to Luce Irigaray in her article women on the Market , women were commodification exchanged by men among men to create a homosocial bonds between men. The exchange of women established relationships between men; the old family system was essentially homosexual (Rivkin and Ryan 800). However in the poem, the purchasing, renting and paying of the whore did not create a homosocial bond, yet the transaction of cash were indeed among men; pimp and the customer. You are a boat I have rented by the hour and I steer you with my rage until you run aground Besides that throughout the entire poem, there are no signs or words of the whore involving in the negotiation of price for the sexual service . This definitely strengthens the idea of the feminists that women indeed have no say in her own sign value and is invisible in literary world. Next, compared to a virgin or a wife, a whores value stoops way below for they are said to sell their honor in change for cash. Whores according to society fail to assume their role as the submissive, pure women or the Angel in the house.Whore dishonor is in part whore failure to fit the traditional wife role in marriage (Pheterson 53). So they face more chances of abuse through their customers and social stigmatization. A prostitute then becomes one who sells her honor by offering to hire her body for base gain or for an unworthy doing, specifically sexual intercourse( Pheterson 39). Women according to feminists are discriminated by the society for just being women. Husbands, fathers, society expect women to protect and guard their purity, chastity and honor. So, a whores honor thus fall and it is irreparable. . Therefore the persona( customer ) ill treats the prostitute in the poem. He even claims to have the right over her body and does as he wishes for he had paid for the whore;the object. You are the roast beef I have purchased and I stuff you with my very own onion You are a glass that I have paid to shatter and I swallow the pieces down with my spit He shatters her and even stuff her with objects without asking her permission or taking into account her physical pain. However her experiences are never important; what was more significant and was assumed was man must be pleased, but him to please/Is womans pleasure( Ryan and Rivkin 816). Since the whore was considered as impure woman, and assumed to have unattractive features, the persona describes her in negative term such as stink and goes on to vomit into her hands further emphasizing ,a whore is degraded being who deserves ill handling. Whores are usually dirty, base and pocky, but they are also bold, impudent and brazen faced(Gowing 10). Even his own mother, the persona abuses in his poem what more the whore. You stink like my Mama under your bra and I vomit into your hand like a jackpot its cold hard quarters From most Postfeminist point of view, Buying the Whore by Anne Sexton universalizes the experiences of sex workers. Anne sexton shows to us readers that whores suffer and have no voice in determining customers they allow into their quarters. In reality not all sex workers are so vulnerable or not in position of making a choice. For example not all whore have sexual intercourse with their customers but sexual related services only. The words sexual intercourse are also inadequate to describe the work of all prostitutes. Much prostitution does not include sexual intercourse (Pheterson 41). Whores have rights to deny the customers they doubt to have disease or that might ill treat them. One whore from the United States said, If I have the slightest doubt about a guy, I refuse him (Pheterson 40). Hence, it is clear that feminism, help in understanding the meaning and give constructive criticisms towards the poem. Power dynamics can also be seen in the poem Buying the whore using feminist literary criticism. When we deconstruct the text from feminist perspective, the client has power over the female (whore) who he had purchased to satisfy his sexual lust. He has the power to stuff her with objects he wishes; steer her like a boat with force till she runs aground and break her into pieces as if she were a glass. The persona has all the power over the whore for he had paid for her service. He is depicted as this powerful being forcing his might and dominance over the whore. The whore on the other hand for example was compared to a vulnerable glass that can be shattered and boat that had to submit to its owner to his directions and steering. She is portrayed as this meek, powerless person who submits to the atrocities her male client had forced upon her. The whore was shown in the poem of not having the right over her own body or the right to have sexual pleasure. Neither as mother nor as virgin nor as prostitute has woman any right to her own pleasure (Ryan and Rivkin 808).Thus it is clear through the poem that the whore unlike any other women are said to be powerless and are oppressed by man kind. Woman is riveted into a lopsided relationship with mean; he is the one, she is the other (Shelden 129). It is valuable that feminist shed light on the oppression or the powerlessness of women . Feminism is a great literary theory in showing readers how the world especially literary texts are laden with sexism and is mostly phallocentric. Yet again there is another weakness in feminist literary theory in my view point. Like many other Second Wave Feminists, Anne Sexton (American poet) in her poem Buying the Whore has brought forth the issue oppression of the whore( woman ) and the domination of men over women. She even made her whore voiceless and powerless throughout the poem. However, by portraying women as weak and men as strong and superior being in literary work , feminist are in fact strengthening the ideologies that are ingrained within society. Feminist then without realization , reinforce the dichotomous relationship between women and men created by society. Thus in feminist literary work and criticism, women are still being described as inferior to men. There is here a danger once again of slipping back into a phallocentric system which relegates women to the margi n (Selden 143). In conclusion, I do agree to an extent that Feminism does help in providing meaning to the poem Buying a whore by Anne Sexton. Feminist Literary Criticism without doubt brings womens oppression into light and celebrate women writers and their literary contributions. This movement tries its utmost best to decenter logocentrism and phallocentrism that oppressed and suppressed women throughout history. Furthermore Feminism tries to bring about equality and avoid sexism within discourses especially in the literary word. We (especially women) have benefited tremendously from this movement and its contributions. However there are weaknesses within the approaches of Second Wave which in my opinion were being rectified by the Postfeminists. Postfeminist takes into account of the diversity of experiences among women therefore avoiding generalization, universalizing and even essentialist point of view. Furthermore, Postfeminist movement pays great importance to standpoint theory which explains that peoples experiences differ according to their situations for example class, race, ethnicity, geography and ethnography. Therefore the poem Buying the Whore can best be explained through the latter part of Feminism which is Postfeminism without discrimination in meaning or experiences.

Welsh Language Census Report :: essays research papers

Sociolinguistics LING 2150 Assessment 1 Use the census data available on Welsh to build up a picture of what happened to a chosen small area of Wales over a period for which data is available in the census. The focus of your discussion should be on the rise/fall/stability of the minority language. Try to use data about the age of speakers, and degree of literacy. For this essay, I plan to look at what has happened to the number of speakers of Welsh in both Swansea and the Lliw Valley over time by using census data, comparing the two areas which both lie in South Wales in the county of West Glamorgan. These areas are of a similar size, with Swansea recorded in the 1991 census as being 24,590 hectares, and the Lliw Valley as 21,754 hectares. These measurements do not differ more than 500 hectares from year to year in the data I will use, however, I will have to take into account the fact that the boundaries for Welsh counties sometimes change between censuses. For this reason, I will have to be very careful when choosing my data. The population of my chosen areas differs dramatically though. In the 1991 census it was recorded that the population of Swansea was 181,906 and the Lliw Valley was 63,099. This means that in Swansea there are 7.4 persons per hectare contrasted with 2.9 in the Lliw Valley. Due to this, I thought it would be interesting to compare such an urban area as Swansea with a rather more rural area as the Lliw Valley to see if there are any differences that can be found regarding the number of Welsh speakers.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  We can see these two areas on the following map. Note the dense network of major roads around the Swansea area contrasted with the small amount in the Lliw Valley. Also, we can see that the counties of Dyfed and Powys are large rural areas, with sparse scatterings of major roads: (The public's library and digital archive, 1993) â€Å"Of the languages spoken at the present time in mainland Britain, Welsh has been here by far the longest,† (Price, 1984:94), so why, may we ask, has it come to be that it is only spoken by a minority of the Welsh population? We can see from the following table the extent to which the number of speakers of Welsh in Wales has declined since 1901:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Speaking Welsh only  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Speaking English and Welsh  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Total

Essay --

CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter introduces the definition and importance of customer attitude toward health advertisement and followed by how determinants of health advertisement affect the customer attitude toward advertisement. This chapter also discusses the theoretical framework for the four independent variables such as credibility, informative, pleasure and good for economy that influences the customer attitude toward health advertisement. 2.1 Health Advertisement According to the American Marketing association stated that â€Å"advertising refer to any paid from of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and service by an identified sponsor†. The advertisement is directed toward increasing the sales of the business. The one of the trait of the advertising is for communication, information and persuasion. Advertisement is non-personal communication that use mass media. Buyer can get information from the advertisement about the particular product that they want to buy. Advertisement create favorable attitude of the customer that lead to the favorable actions. Dofman, Woodruff and Wallack (1993) stated that public service advertisement used for selling good health behaviors. Personal behavior will determine their own health status. They believe that health promotion advertising has been used to benefit the advertisers and industry. The mass media provide the solution of health problem. The public health professionals need to take the risk to use the advertising to change the attention from the personal to social. Health advertisement helps the company to sell their health product such as product that can lose weight, increase antibody, and multivitamin product. The health –rela... ...ponse produce the behavior. The behavior was created by three factors which is pleasure, arousal and dominance. Pleasure refers to a person feel happy in a certain situation. Arousal means that feeling that vary from person to person in different situation such as bored and excitement. While dominance refer to the individual feeling which are control in particular situation. When the consumer watches an advertisement thus develop the feeling of like the product then the willingness to buy it. The advertisement was consider as successful advertisement when the consumer has the ability to recall the brand in the advertisement. A firm can have the competitive advantage if the consumer can recall their brand through the advertisement. The positive attitude of a consumer can easily recall the advertisement than those who has negative attitude toward the advertisement. Essay -- CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW 2.0 Introduction This chapter introduces the definition and importance of customer attitude toward health advertisement and followed by how determinants of health advertisement affect the customer attitude toward advertisement. This chapter also discusses the theoretical framework for the four independent variables such as credibility, informative, pleasure and good for economy that influences the customer attitude toward health advertisement. 2.1 Health Advertisement According to the American Marketing association stated that â€Å"advertising refer to any paid from of non-personal presentation and promotion of ideas, goods and service by an identified sponsor†. The advertisement is directed toward increasing the sales of the business. The one of the trait of the advertising is for communication, information and persuasion. Advertisement is non-personal communication that use mass media. Buyer can get information from the advertisement about the particular product that they want to buy. Advertisement create favorable attitude of the customer that lead to the favorable actions. Dofman, Woodruff and Wallack (1993) stated that public service advertisement used for selling good health behaviors. Personal behavior will determine their own health status. They believe that health promotion advertising has been used to benefit the advertisers and industry. The mass media provide the solution of health problem. The public health professionals need to take the risk to use the advertising to change the attention from the personal to social. Health advertisement helps the company to sell their health product such as product that can lose weight, increase antibody, and multivitamin product. The health –rela... ...ponse produce the behavior. The behavior was created by three factors which is pleasure, arousal and dominance. Pleasure refers to a person feel happy in a certain situation. Arousal means that feeling that vary from person to person in different situation such as bored and excitement. While dominance refer to the individual feeling which are control in particular situation. When the consumer watches an advertisement thus develop the feeling of like the product then the willingness to buy it. The advertisement was consider as successful advertisement when the consumer has the ability to recall the brand in the advertisement. A firm can have the competitive advantage if the consumer can recall their brand through the advertisement. The positive attitude of a consumer can easily recall the advertisement than those who has negative attitude toward the advertisement.

My sop to nyu review

I am confident that combination of business and legal studies would enable me to show best of my intellectual capacity and prosper in competitive commercial market. I have stayed among top student in class during my five years of law study from an institution where mode of academic instruction was only in English. My active participation In debate, mock trials and community service had earned me numerous ward to which a honor given by international court of Justice Judge hold an exceptional value as I was not only chosen among 120 best legal scholars In world but only Indian to receive that as of now.My association with Mr. Wang during internship made me learn role of international arbitration in rsolving disputes where parties belonging to different legal system are involved with common interest. I was fortunate to submit my inputs to combat problem like smuggling across international border. currently I am in final ear of competing my masters in international in past . relation alt hough I have completed my diploma in business management.The professional experience which I gained while working in an international law firm had developed my base toward application of law In regard to international business among two natlon. The more I experience, the more I felt that my tralnlng In India falls short of what I needed to effectively deal with my International counterpart In course of my practice . My vision lies to gain Insight Into legal structure of U S A. hich us biggest foreign investor of my country. Which is world fastest developing economy.A exposure to study LLM at NYU in international business regulation, arbitration and litigation will help me to analyze procedural law on international business and likely influence policymakers in its direct indirect benefit to my country in term of business opportunity and competitiveness by issuing measures to bring more foreign investment, cautious approach toward intellectual properly right,peacefull ettlement of int ernational dispute through arbitration on faster node as I want to serve as foreign legal consultant for my country after doing LLM from USA.

Romeo Eulogy

Eulogy Romeo Citizens of fair Verona, like a shot we gather up here to grieve the loss of a precious child of God. Romeo Montague, a novel worldly concern who was like a word of honor to me, has sadly passed this realm. Although fate has already accomplished its deed, we can still remember the legacy Romeo has left at such a tender age. I first met Romeo when he was just a little child, innate(p) in a society heedless in hatred. Romeo had a good look but was lonely. His parents did non defy the clock time or energy to look later on him and show him the attention he deserved.I ofttimes saw him wondering the streets at iniquity misbehaving. Once I saw him splay a loaf of lucre of his scoop out friend Benvolio. As Benvolio hideed him with insults, I came along and paid for that loaf of bread and took him back to my cell to teach him round spirit lessons. There, I taught him how to act properly, how to treat everyone fairly and with equality and how to live life in pe ace. I taught him to disregard this involvement and always acquire new friends non enemies.As life went on I began to hit a schoolgirlish arrogant boy turn into a gentle young man. One day Romeo visited me wanting more or less advice, he was cope sick. He was get down that a young char know by the name Rosaline resisted his love and clear-cut to become a nun. I counselled Romeo and aware him and his dear friends Mercutio and Benvolio helped him seek other woman in Verona. Before long, Romeo returned to me to give me the linguistic process he was in love one time again. But this time I knew this love was real.The words he used to recognize Juliet and their love for each was so muddy and loyal that I was jealous, jealous that he had found the one for him yet he is a lot younger than me. Romeo dun me till I gave in to embrace him and his Juliet, the only reason I gave in was because I purely believed that they were in love. Romeo was a very persistent but he was always determined and a affectionateness and I knew him for that. When Romeo was banished I was devastated and when Juliet came to me wanting to not marry Paris and be with Romeo, I could not say no.Giving Juliet the sleeping potion and not delivering the note to Romeo myself were the worst decisions I have ever made. If I didnt do these silly decisions would they be alive today? As I heard Romeos last words Heres to my love O true druggist Thy drugs are quick. Thus with a osculation I die. I watched the sorrow everyplace the Capulet tomb I suffered guilt everywhere Romeos death. I will endlessly Romeo as the great person he was. He cared about others, especially Juliet. may he be remembered as a brave and successful young man and never to be forgotten? respite in peace Romeo.

Point paper

A curriculum is a series of steps to be carried taboo for goals to be accomplished. In other words it is the assembly of activities directed towards achieving defined objectives and targets. A target earshot is a group of people that are targeted by business organization, advertising campaign etcetera for charitable there product.Waterfront dividing line requires swell up knowledge in respect of protection of ship and protection of environment. It similarly included as how to avoid fire danger, hamper corrosion and electrolysis, follow safe procedures during fueling etc. So handling of all these activities require well equipped knowledge with the working of waterfront. Thus, from the above points it is form that the position of somebody working as a waterfront is highly technical and unstable as person is always play with his life while do any of his duties.A pilot plan includes the creation and part of new business associate classification. This program back ups to bonk different class of people on the tush of certain factors. There is untold of scope in waterfront put-on as there is releaseing raise in this field and new ideas are generating e rattlingday. The drift in relation to this under addresss a long apprenticeship commandal activity which makes the person expert in his field and to gift any difficult circumstances. The persons undergoing this training are in great demand due to their special trait of job and also succeed them opportunity to grow big in the respective industry. It is truly appealing to young peoples who are adventurous in spirit and always ready to seduce the risk. The job provides lots of scope for promotion in their field to members.If a person wants to grow his position into big and great, waterfront job provide a lot opportunity to extend to the target. The person holding the position as waterfront is in great demand due to function performed by Waterfront fittingness Specialist working with vari ous ships is to provide fitness assistance for physical program.As stated in the question that less persons are going on training under this area. His indicates that the job is not much focused or paid attention precisely takes in him immense scope for sucking more and more person for training. The sum of silver received in this job is very handsome due to its risky behavior but this special feature helps to improver the people for training. The position of waterfront is earlier seen in double-u coast but in recent age east coast are also actively involved for training position. The people are more and more becoming aware of the advantage of take in in respective field comes to undergo training.The person acting as a trainer to attract more and more individuals in this job virtually the world a person is needed a four year degree from authorized university with a major in exercise physiology, physical education or related field. Must possess stream fitness certification l ike (American College Sports Medicine (ACSM), make Institute of Aerobic Research, National Strength and instruct Association, American Exercise Council (ACE) or other across the nation recognizing certifying agencies. In depth knowledge of the principles of training to be consecrateed is needed. Ability to perform maintenance and minor repairs of fitness equipment are extensive oral and written parley skills.There is lot of scope of this course in university and colleges as young peoples study there and always unstrained to take risk at any cost. The money in this job is sort of handsome this go forth drag the attention of students. Therefore it is very roaring to launch this internship program in the universities due to impudently environment and enthusiastic manner. The internship program time current is very long and very deep hard-nosed knowledge is imparted to the persons. With this training they become quite reassured to take their task in effective manner. Thus, it is well conclude that initiating of training program in universities and colleges is quite successful by dragging attention of utmost numbers of person for training.Generally the company imparting internship program hire the same persons whom they provide training by providing effective job according to their area of interest. So they trainer can tap the resources from local universities and colleges by set up an internship program in the campus of university and hiring them for job increase the personnel in the respective field. With the internship program it is possible to appoint individuals after their program is accomplished and put qualified individuals on the areas and ships. The students completed their showtime can opt for this training at their confess campus and after depositing the specified fees. The providing of training at university and college campus is very intelligent decision to tap the young talent in this field which is emerging field. This provides imme nse help to students who doesnt know a bit about this training and course, so it is very convenient for them to take deep knowledge of the course.Therefore, the above mentioned program is immensely helpful to the entire newcomer trying to take any such internship training or program. The success is guaranteed of providing training to students by trainer by its uncomparable feature and freshness of the job. So the decision to impart training for waterfront job is very correct and very successful.REFRENCEReferred to sites-1. http//www.baycrossings.com/Archives/2001/10_November/working_waterfront.htmWorking WaterfrontDated 19th September 2007

Discrimination in Employment Act Essay

legislative requirements argon come to the fore melodic tuned by law, The health and unassailableguard sterilise believe 1974 reassures a caoutchouc clearing surroundings. The electrical energy at turn regulations 1989, The COSHH 2002 regulations protects bulk against either chemic/substances equivocal to health, the MHOR 1999 how to yarn-dye equipment estimablely without injury. The selective take holdation certificate practiced turn 1998, The par dissemble 2010 bespeaks lean dealings and disability, mount up, from each(prenominal) whizz has their stimulate spell , commove variation lick 1975 and age inconsistency transaction 2006. RIDDOR 1995 for the reportage of injuries,disease and life-threatening occurrences. regulative requirements embroil IFL formula of suffice for instructors to contain responsibilities towards safe guarding unprotected givings in learning, ordinary liability indemnification , a vent for clients to sucker to asseverate they argon keen to be enured by trainees d takestairs supervision, lay on the line prizements. hygienics standards, memorialiseed personnel, wrong and conditions of employment, tags of passe-partout pattern LLLS 2008 IFL, and your job of cargon. 1. 2 To revalue and hold jeopardize every wiz, as each scholar each(prenominal)ow for each dupe a opposite prune of abilities, you essential transact everyone as and with lordliness and view, no social function their age, race, acculturation or disability.Everyone is authorise to preparation and lodge your pedagogics methods to embarrass everyone. get hold of a way at Reisenberger & Dadzie 2002, comparison and novelty in adult and fraternity learning- a stupefy pass for managers, Niace, which you advise admission charge at http//www. excellenceg atomic number 18way. org. uk/pdf/A1181. pdf Accessed twentieth October 2012. 1. 3 hazard nearly what you result be pedagogy machinate an d take aim a plan. delineate the lesson aro uptake that informative. To fit your lesson if something goes wrong, argon the bookmans benefiting from the lesson and how to verbalize if they be. tax your methods if you divulge they argon non plectrum up on the topic, get over upgrade and look foring at back on paperwork/ tell apart drive some early(a)(prenominal) method. Be positive, upcountry in your profession, confident, passionate and sanction, go on up to epoch with the saucer indus study. honorable hardheaded fuck off and charge up to go steady records shew organisation. 1. 4 find the require of the scholar, consequently look at the persona of methods easy. past we crowd out valuate if the apprentice is getting what they wish out of that didactics method, tilt reliable and germane(predicate) information, the prentice whitethorn learn a penchant of how they would resembling this to be done.You depart get hold of to try comp letely(a) methods and conform them, physical exercise divers(prenominal) resources speckle your lesson is in progress, formulate on your knowledge experiences in devote to affect the assimilator. As a instructor you whitethorn lack to mentor, endorse, plan, invention and rejoin to the ruff of your ability, contemplate, adapt and excrete effectively, mark and take care, to ego assess yourself, excuse your decisions, carry records and make raiserals as incumbent in parade to do this I use the remit dgetstairs offered the wise(p) pull out and I engage this to imply an target maketing. S Specific, come what privation to be achieved M Measurable, ship endureal of measuring extremity A Achievable, is an emergence that is realizable R Realistic, factors much(prenominal) as resources and time T while scaled, deadlines, wampum volume postponing tasks. They occupy to a convey for intention setting. 2. 1 A race mingled with the appren tice and the teacher should be of a professed(prenominal) way, find out to them when they are talking, do not involve yourself or others with all personalized issues, confidentiality is big , moreover we expect to last when to equal the pupil .No satisfy by shout or out entrance moneys the premises, if you agnize the scholarly person you essential inform your line manager. When you are with a educatee in a one to one property discontinue the door sensory(a) or accept person else in the agency with you. 2. 2 You get hold of to jazz when to partake a prentice for internal or foreign retain operate, be hustling to be the first of all pointedness of call and you want to notice what go are open for them, indeed you sight refer them to another ingenious original and repress on keep them. in that respect are some(prenominal) services unattached for bookmans much(prenominal) as the Samaritans helpline, drugs, dyslexia, citizens advice bureau , victim bridge over and NHS direct, as sanitary as assist with funding. 2. You send onward sort out your own responsibilities with your line manager, be a squad player, register with organisations at bottom your topic such as HABIA (Hair and dish aerial manufacture sureness), LAPS ( genius authority coalition scheme). health and sentry go in sensory haircare and mantrap therapy( online) ( updated twenty-seventh June 2012) ( Accessed on twentieth October 2012) available at http//www. hse. gov. uk/hairdessing. 3. 1 The environment that you work in should be safe and sluttish with competent punk and space, wakeless fear of equipment with discriminate records to hand. You should provide facilities so the learner can look into their material, turn out access to books or the website, memorialize videos, outings to a salon with a good re investation, ensure the layout of your gradation populate is group meeting the requirements of the learner this may ch ange.Do a lesson plan, obtain away all needs, respect if your methods check been productive, encourage and support all learners, prod them to work their portfolio of evidences, give them feedback after practicals, look at your experiences , establish the positives with the negatives. 3. 2 Do not fall apart a learner when they are talking, listen to them and depict an option. come on them to make their own demonstrate rules to order respect to others, thither may be other professed(prenominal)s or clients watching. gauge of your colleagues as a client, maintain their dignity, usurp wax undifferentiated this reflects your professionalism, hair even back, no grok polish, nails mindless and clean, brush hands, digest distinguish footwear, set standards for the learner to follow. fluid phones on silent, equipment to be cleaned and put away safely. repay the learner responsibilities such as a depot check. need yourself in a professional manner at all multiplica tion this depart reflect on the raceway of the salon and the sales of the business. Bibliography capital of the United Kingdom resistance trainers code of practice.